The potential of nonhuman primates as a reservoir for human yaws

• Applicants: Professor Dr. Sascha Knauf, Ph.D., until 7/2019; Professor Dr. Christian Roos, Ph.D.
• Subject Area: Parasitology and Biology of Tropical Infectious Disease Pathogens
• Term: from 2014 to 2023
• Project identifier: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Project number 252488542

It has been propagated that human yaws caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) has no animal reservoir. Yet, reports of T. pallidum (TP) infection in nonhuman primates (NHPs) are accumulating. Several studies demonstrate simian infection with strains that are most closely related to human yaws-causing TPE strains. Our DFG funded study on NHP infection further supports the above mentioned findings. Data on simian TP strain diversity in Tanzania (TZ) are accumulating and reveal epidemiological insight into the spread of this conspicuous bacterium across the country. The phylogenetic branching pattern obtained from whole genome sequences of a greater number of simian strains (West and East Africa) suggests a rapid initial radiation of TPE across humans and NHPs and that at least ancestral TPE strains were most likely not host species specific. The East African Lake Manyara National Park simian strains reveals an overall gene synteny (including rRNA operons) with str. Gauthier with only 8.9% amino acid differences. A complete picture of TP infection in humans and NHPs including the definite answer to the NHP reservoir question will, however, only assemble when existing data on simian infection are compared to a greater number of circulating human TP(E) strains, which originate from areas with characterized simian infection.We hypothesize that humans and NHPs in TZ share the same TP(E) strains and also that NHPs in (Ghana) GH are infected with TP. While GH reports yaws until today, there is a chance of hidden TPE infections in humans in TZ, a country that currently does not report yaws, but harbors a great number of infected NHP species. DNA based assays (e.g. LAMP) are designed to fast-track identification on the subspecies level complementing the serological testing. This will increase specificity of yaws diagnosis from atypical clinical manifestations followed by whole genome sequencing. Simian and human TP strains from Africa have not yet been investigated using an integrated approach, and the results obtained are crucial for the understanding of Treponema evolution and epidemiology as well as to answer the important question on inter-species transmission. New laboratory TP strains will allow advanced immunological research and the creation of translational animal models which could open new pathways for vaccine development and testing. The project combines basic research in the field of Treponema infection with continues One Health capacity building and early-career research training at the African locations. A South-South partnership is created to support scientific excellence in the field of infectious disease research, addressing an urgent need in TZ and GH. Research activities of this project are logically expanded towards a yaws endemic country (GH). The project is expected to improve local health care services in TZ and GH and has the potential to support public health initiatives in post-yaws MDA surveillance.

• DFG Programme: Research Grants
• International Connection: Ghana, Tanzania
• Co-Investigators: Idrissa S. Chuma; Dr. Julius D. Keyyu; Inyasi A. V. Lejora
• International Co-Applicants: Professor Dr. Rudovick Kazwala (†); Dr. Coletha Mathew; Dr. Sayoki Mfinanga, Ph.D.; Dr. Augustina Sylverken