Regulation of spindle microtubule dynamics in Anaphase
Final Report Abstract
Genomic stability relies on proper assembly and function of the mitotic spindle to ensure faithful chromosome segregation. The formation of the mitotic spindle in early mitosis and sister chromatid segregation in late mitosis require global rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton. My laboratory is interested to understand key mechanisms mediating the global switches in microtubule organisation during mitosis. In order to address this problem, we are using cell free extracts of Amphibian eggs, which faithfully reconstitute cell cycle regulation of microtubule behaviour. In this model system, we analysed both the principles underlying spindle assembly as well as the signals required for regulated disassembly of spindle microtubules for chromosome segregation at anaphase onset. Our initially suggested project focused on elucidating (1): which protein phosphatases control anaphase microtubule disassembly, and, (2): which microtubule regulators are targets of regulation by dephosphorylation in anaphase. To analyse the latter aspect, we not only directly tested several well known microtubule regulators in Xenopus cell free extracts but also included an unbiased approach using microtubule sedimentation followed by mass spectrometry to systematically survey the microtubule interactome in metaphase and anaphase. We carried out the following experiments: • We determined the localisation of XKCM1, Op18, XMAP215, EB1 and CLASP by indirect immunofluorescence in Xenopus extract spindles. • We performed microtubule spindown experiments in Xenopus egg extracts followed by immunoblot analysis of XKCM1, Op18, XMAP215, EB1 and CLASP, as well as mass spectrometry analysis of the entire microtubule interactome. • We carried out specific immunodepletions of XKCM1, Op18, XMAP215, EB1 and CLASP. Spindle localisation and microtubule binding were compared in metaphase and in an anaphase-like state as described previously. The relative amount of the microtubule regulators was investigated and compared to the overall microtubule mass. It remained unchanged between metaphase and anaphase for all proteins tested by Immunoblot. Even in systematic mass spectrometry analysis of microtubule spindowns in metaphase and anaphase, we could not detect a significant change in the abundance of a single or a subset of microtubule regulators between metaphase and anaphase. We still tested, using specific immunodepletion experiments, if the reduction of a given protein would destabilise microtubules and mimic anaphase-like behaviour. This was indeed the case for XMAP215, a key regulator of microtubule stability. Upon partial depletion of XMAP215 to ca. 30% residual levels, spindles in metaphase matched respective anaphase samples in terms of overall microtubule density, spindle size and pole-to-pole distribution of microtubules. We therefore analysed the interactome of XMAP215 in metaphase and anaphase using specific immunoprecipitation experiments. Although we identified interesting interaction partners such as EB1, no changes between metaphase and anaphase could be observed. Other proteins described to interact with XMAP215 in a cell cycle dependent manner, such as XKCM1, could not be detected. Moreover, we did not find evidence for a change in posttranslational modification of XMAP215 at the transition from metaphase to anaphase by mass spectrometry. Our goal was also to accompany experiments in cell free extracts with an siRNA-based screen for the identification of phosphatases required for proper anaphase spindle organisation in human tissue culture cells. Although having a promising start in setting up the technology for systematic siRNA-based screens in human cells, the latter project was threatened by a publication of a very similar approach from the laboratory of Daniel Gerlich. Here, our colleagues used their in-depth-expertise in live cell imaging and large scale RNAi screens to systematically investigate the role of human phosphatases in chromosome segregation in anaphase. Their experiments were very much in line with what we had hypothesised from our studies in the Xenopus system: PP2A with its regulatory subunit B55 α triggers key events in anaphase in human cells. Management of time and resources urged us, at this point, to shift the focus of the project, in particular as a parallel approach in our laboratory gained a lot of momentum. We therefore decided to re-focus on the analysis of novel microtubule regulators in spindle formation and function, identified in an alternative approach. In the alternative project, we made use of the systematic identification of potential microtubule regulators, which are generated by de novo synthesis during vertebrate oocyte maturation and entry into meiosis.
Publications
- (2008) CaM kinase II initiates meiotic spindle depolymerization independently of APC/C activation. J Cell Biol 183: 1007-1017
Reber S, Over S, Kronja I, Gruss OJ
- (2008) Cdk11 is a RanGTP-dependent microtubule stabilization factor that regulates spindle assembly rate.J Cell Biol. 2008 Mar 10;180(5):867-75
Yokoyama H, Gruss OJ, Rybina S, Caudron M, Schelder M, Wilm M, Mattaj IW, Karsenti E
- (2008) EML3 is a nuclear microtubule-binding protein required for the correct alignment of chromosomes in metaphase. J Cell Sci 121: 1718-1726
Tegha-Dunghu J, Neumann B, Reber S, Krause R, Erfle H, Walter T, Held M, Rogers P, Hupfeld K, Ruppert T, Ellenberg J, Gruss OJ
- (2010) The function of spliceosome components in open mitosis. Nucleus 1: 447-459
Hofmann JC, Husedzinovic A, Gruss OJ
- (2013) The centriolar satellite protein SSX2IP promotes centrosome maturation. J Cell Biol 202: 81-95
Bärenz F, Inoue D, Yokoyama H, Tegha-Dunghu J, Freiss S, Draeger S, Mayilo D, Cado I, Merker S, Klinger M, Hoeckendorf B, Pilz S, Hupfeld K, Steinbeisser H, Lorenz H, Ruppert T, Wittbrodt J, Gruss OJ
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201302122) - (2013) The Prp19 complex directly functions in mitotic spindle assembly. PLoS ONE 8: e74851
Hofmann JC, Tegha-Dunghu J, Drager S, Will CL, Luhrmann R, Gruss OJ
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074851) - (2014) MAP1S controls microtubule stability throughout the cell cycle in human cells. J Cell Sci 127: 5007-5013
Tegha-Dunghu J, Bausch E, Neumann B, Wuensche A, Walter T, Ellenberg J, Gruss OJ
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.136457) - (2014) Phosphoregulation of the human SMN Complex. Eur J Cell Biol 93(3):106-17
Husedzinovic A, Oppermann FS, Draeger-Meurer S, Chari A, Fischer U, Daub H, Gruss OJ
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.01.006) - (2014) The novel centriolar satellite protein SSX2IP targets Cep290 to the ciliary transition zone. Mol Biol Cell 25: 495-507
Klinger M, Wang W, Kuhns S, Barenz F, Drager-Meurer S, Pereira G, Gruss OJ
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E13-09-0526)
