SFB 799: TRIP-Matrix-Composites - Design of Tough, Transformation-Strengthened Composites and Structures Based on Fe-ZrO2
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Thermal Engineering/Process Engineering
Final Report Abstract
The Collaborative Research Center 799 "TRIP-Matrix-Composite - Design of Tough, Transformation-Reinforced Composites and Structures based on Fe-ZrO2" has spent 12 years studying high-performance composites of TRIP/TWIP steel (TRIP: TRansformation-Induced Plasticity, TWIP: TWinning-Induced Plasticity) and zirconia ceramics that exhibit high energy absorption capacity at very good ductility. These outstanding mechanical properties were made possible by combining the martensitic phase transformations occurring in both components under loading. In order to develop a wide range of applications for the composites, various manufacturing processes of classical powder metallurgy, ceramic production and melt infiltration have been explored. Ceramics manufacturing technologies such as extrusion, slip casting, slip-based alginate, and metallo-ceramic paper manufacturing were transferred to the TRIP-Matrix-Composites to produce macrostructures (honeycombs, foams, paper, solid and hollow spheres) from the new composites. The filigree honeycomb structures produced by plastic forming through extrusion and subsequent sintering with excellent energy absorption capacity are particularly suitable for crash structures. Ceramic bodies were infiltrated with molten steel to produce ceramic-reinforced steel castings. To optimize the properties of the composites, extensive research was carried out into high-alloy stainless CrMnNi steels. The basis was a cast steel material whose mechanical properties were adjusted over a wide range by varying the chemical composition. In addition, high-strength and ultra- high-strength steel variants were newly developed. In the characterization of the composites, the research focused on the microstructure, its behavior under mechanical load, and on the formation of interfaces between steel and ceramic particles. The processes in the material were studied in situ, i.e. under mechanical stress using new methodological developments, which concerned, in addition to the electron microscopy, the X-ray and synchrotron diffraction, computed tomography, digital image correlation and the acoustic emission measurements. The main achievement of this project part was the elucidation of the mechanisms and kinetics of plasticity and energy dissipation. This work was complemented by modeling the processes in the composite material during manufacture (infiltration, powder production by melt atomization, welding) and under mechanical loading. Complementary models were developed that describe the properties on different size scales, both in the steel, in the ceramic zirconia phase and in the composite. In addition, thermodynamic modeling of the materials was carried out. The composites studied in the SFB 799 exhibit outstanding properties for a wide range of applications, as demonstrated in four transfer projects. Special focus was placed on the qualification of doctoral students, who were familiarized with state-of-the-art scientific methods as well as soft skills within the framework of a graduate training program. These activities were embedded in a wide range of activities to recruit young talent, from students to support for post-doctoral researchers. In addition, the SFB was continuously accompanied by public relations activities in order to bring the SFB and its results closer to both the specialist community and the general public. Thus, the original concept of TRIP-Matrix-Composites was implemented, the scientific questions were clarified on a broad scale and finally a new family of materials with attractive properties was presented.
Publications
- Energy-absorbing TRIP-Steel/Mg-PSZ composite honeycomb structures based on ceramic extrusion at room temperature, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 6 (2009), pp. 727-735
Aneziris, C.G., Schärfl, W., Biermann, H., Martin, U.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7402.2008.02321.x) - Microstructure and compression strength of novel TRIP-steel/Mg-PSZ composites, Advanced Engineering Materials, 11 (2009), pp. 1000-1006
Biermann, H., Martin, U., Aneziris, C.G., Kolbe, A., Müller, W., Schärfl, W., Herrmann, M.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200900210) - Effect of austenite stability on the low cycle fatigue behavior and microstructure of high alloyed metastable austenitic cast TRIP-steels, Procedia Engineering, 2 (2010), pp. 2085-2094
Glage, A., Weidner, A., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.03.224) - Novel TRIP-steel/Mg- PSZ composite-open cell foam structures for energy absorption, Advanced Engineering Materials, 12 (2010), pp. 197-204
Aneziris, C.G., Berek, H., Hasterok, M., Biermann, H., Wolf, S., Krüger, L.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200900273) - Screening of the interactions between Mg- PSZ and TRIP-steel and its alloys during sintering, Advanced Engineering Materials, 12 (2010), pp. 486-492
Weigelt, C., Giersberg, S., Wenzel, C., Aneziris, C.G.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.200900303) - Ceramic processing for TRIP-steel/Mg-PSZ composite materials for mechanical applications, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1080-1086
Weigelt, C., Aneziris, C.G., Yanina, A., Guk, S.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100073) - Characterization of stress–strain behavior of a cast TRIP steel under different biaxial planar load ratios, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 78 (2011), pp. 1684–1695
Kulawinski, D.; Nagel, K.; Henkel, S.; Hübner, P.; Fischer, H.; Kuna, M.; Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2011.02.021) - Cyclic deformation behaviour of three austenitic cast CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steels with various Ni content, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1040-1047
Glage, A., Weidner, A., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100080) - Determination of the phase distribution in sintered TRIP-matrix / Mg-PSZ composites using EBSD, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1094-1100
Berek, H., Yanina, A., Weigelt, C., Aneziris, C.G.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100064) - Influence of temperature on phase transformation and deformation mechanisms of cast CrMnNi-TRIP/TWIP steel, Solid State Phenomena, 172-174 (2011), pp. 172-177
Martin, S., Wolf, S., Martin, U., Krüger, L.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.172-174.172) - Reinforcing mechanism of Mg- PSZ particles in highly-alloyed TRIP steel, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1133-1140
Martin, S., Richter, S., Decker, S., Martin, U., Krüger, L., Rafaja, D.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100099) - Stacking fault model of-martensite and its DIFFaX implementation, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 44 (2011), pp. 779-787
Martin, S., Ullrich, C., Simek, D., Martin, U., Rafaja, D.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889811019558) - Stacking faults in high-alloyed metastable austenitic cast steel observed by electron channelling contrast imaging, Scripta Materialia, 64 (2011), pp. 513-516
Weidner, A., Martin, S., Klemm, V., Martin, U., Rafaja, D., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.11.028) - Strain rate dependent flow stress and energy absorption behaviour of cast CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steels, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1087-1093
Krüger, L., Wolf, S., Martin, S., Martin, U., Jahn, A., Weiß, A., Scheller, P.R.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100067) - Strength and failure behaviour of spark plasma sintered steel-zirconia composites under compressive loading, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 1017-1021
Krüger, L., Decker, S., Ohser-Wiedemann, R., Ehinger, D., Martin, S., Martin, U., Seifert, H. J.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100082) - Temperature Depending Influence of the Martensite Formation on the Mechanical Properties of High-Alloyed Cr-Mn-Ni As- Cast Steels, Steel Research International, 82 (2011), pp. 39–44
Jahn, A., Kovalev, A., Weiß, A., Wolf, S., Krüger, L., Scheller, P. R.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000228) - SEM investigation of high-alloyed austenitic stainless cast steels with varying austenite stability at room temperature and 100°C, Steel Research International, 83 (2012), pp. 512-520
Biermann, H., Solarek, J., Weidner, A.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100293) - Strain-rate-dependent flow stress and failure of an Mg-PSZ reinforced TRIP matrix composite produced by spark plasma sintering, Steel Research International, 83 (2012), pp. 521–528
Decker, S., Krüger, L., Richter, S., Martin, S., Martin, U.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100268) - STT and DTT diagrams of austenitic Cr- Mn-Ni as-cast steels and crucial thermodynamic aspects of γ→α' transformation, Steel Research International, 83 (2012), pp. 576-583
Kovalev, A., Jahn, A., Weiß, A., Wolf, S., Scheller, P.R.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100267) - Effect of Manganese on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast High Alloyed CrMnNi-N Steels, Advanced Engineering Materials, 15 (2013), pp. 558–565
Wendler, M., Weiss, A., Krüger, L., Mola, J., Franke, A., Kovalev, A., Wolf, S.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200318) - Kinetics of deformation processes in high-alloyed cast TRIP/TWIP steels determined by acoustic emission and scanning electron microscopy: Influence of austenite stability on deformation mechanisms, Acta Materialia, 61 (2013), pp. 2434-2449
Vinogradov, A., Lazarev, A., Linderov, M., Weidner, A., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.01.016) - Microstructure defects contributing to the energy absorption in CrMnNi TRIP steels, Advanced Engineering Materials, 15 (2013), pp. 571-582
Borisova, D., Klemm, V., Martin, S., Wolf, S., Rafaja, D.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201200327) - Numerical simulation of a single rising bubble by VOF with surface compression, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 71 (2013), pp. 960-982
Klostermann, J., Schaake, K., Schwarze, R.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.3692) - Ultrafine grained high-alloyed austenitic TRIP steel, Materials Science and Engineering A, 571 (2013), pp. 68-76
Weidner, A., Müller, A., Weiss, A., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.008) - A thermomechanically coupled material model for TRIP-steel, International Journal of Plasticity, 55 (2014), pp. 182-197
Prüger, S., Seupel, A., Kuna, M.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2013.10.005) - Biaxial in-phase and out-of-phase cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of an austenitic TRIP steel, International Journal of Fatigue, 67 (2014), pp. 123-133
Ackermann, S., Kulawinski, D., Henkel, S., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2014.02.007) - Constitutive modelling of the rate dependent flow stress of cast high-alloyed metastable austenitic TRIP/TWIP steel, Materials Science and Engineering A, 594 (2014), pp. 72-81
Wolf, S., Martin, S., Krüger, L., Martin, U.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.041) - Deformation mechanisms in austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels at room and elevated temperature investigated by acoustic emission and scanning electron microscopy, Materials Science and Engineering A, 597 (2014), pp. 183-193
Linderov, M., Segel, C., Weidner, A., Biermann, H., Vinogradov, A.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.12.094) - Fatigue behaviour of hot pressed austenitic TWIP steel and TWIP steel/Mg-PSZ composite materials, International Journal of Fatigue, 65 (2014), pp. 9-17
Glage, A., Weigelt, C., Räthel, J., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.11.025) - Nanoindentation measurements on deformation-induced α’-martensite in a metastable austenitic high-alloy CrMnNi steel, Philosophical Magazine Letters, 94 (2014), pp. 522-530
Weidner, A., Hangen, U.D., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2014.941027) - Stacking fault energy in austenitic steels determined by using in situ X-ray diffraction during bending, Journal of Applied Crystallography, 47 (2014), pp. 936-947
Rafaja, D., Krbetschek, C., Ullrich, C., Martin, S.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576714007109) - Austenitic TRIP/TWIP steels and steel-zirconia composites, Springer Nature, Springer Series in Materials Science, Vol. 298, 2020
Biermann, H., Aneziris, C.G. (Hrsg.)
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3) - Combination of different in situ characterization techniques and scanning electron microscopy investigations for a comprehensive description of the tensile deformation behavior of a CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steel, JOM, 67 (2015), pp. 1729-1747
Weidner, A., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1456-y) - Deformation bands in high-alloy austenitic 16Cr6Mn6Ni TRIP steel: Phase transformation and its consequences on strain hardening at room temperature, Steel Research International, 86 (2015), pp. 1187-1196
Martin, S., Wolf, S., Decker, S., Krüger, L., Martin, U.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201500005) - Magnitude of shear of deformation-induced α'-martensite in high-alloy metastable steel, Materials Letters, 143 (2015), pp. 155-158
Weidner, A., Segel, C., Biermann, H.
(See online at https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.098) - Deformation Mechanisms in Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steel as a Function of Temperature, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47 (2016), pp. 49-58
Martin, S., Wolf, S., Martin, U., Krüger, L., Rafaja, D.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2684-4) - Influence of Powder Particle Size on the Compaction Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a High-Alloy Austenitic CrMnNi TRIP Steel During Spark Plasma Sintering, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47 (2016), pp. 170-177
Decker, S., Martin, S., Krüger, L.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2861-0) - Interplay of microstructure defects in austenitic steel with medium stacking fault energy, Materials Science and Engineering A, 649 (2016), pp. 390-399
Ullrich, C., Eckner, R., Krüger, L., Martin, S., Klemm, V., Rafaja, D.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.10.021) - Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing of fully austenitic stainless steels, Acta Materialia, 133 (2017), pp. 346–355
Wendler, M., Ullrich, C., Hauser, M., Krüger, L., Volkova, O., Weiß, A., Mola, J.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.05.049) - Design of novel materials for additive manufacturing - Isotropic microstructure and high defect tolerance, Scientific Reports, 8 (2018), 1298
Günther, J., Brenne, F., Droste, M., Wendler, M., Volkova, O., Biermann, H., Niendorf, T.
(See online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19376-0)
