Erwärmungsbedingte Veränderungen der Knospendormanz und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Blattphänologie von häufigen mitteleuropäischen Baumarten
Zusammenfassung der Projektergebnisse
Several underrepresented factors affecting bud dormancy and in turn spring phenology were discovered. They included soil temperature, the date of buds having peak dormancy, differential temperature impact during temperature induction and its release, and tree-specific differences in bud dormancy depth. Warmer soil, earlier peak bud dormancy date, stronger spring warming in spring vs. fall, and genetic predisposition to having lower bud burst requirements (lower warming sums) all advance budburst in specific temperate trees. It is now more apparent than before, that the simple correlation between spring temperature and budburst date will never have the strong explanatory power with respect to leaf-out date in many tree species. Most of these factors were found to have significant effects on bud dormancy in several tree species, making their consideration important in projecting future phenological changes in temperate tree species. It is thus important to know how future soil temperature may deviate from air temperature due to future snow cover projections, when the peak bud dormancy date will occur in each tree species in the future, how fall and spring temperatures will change and the genetic variation in a particular species with respect to its inherent warming sum requirements. Additionally, how fast the temperate increases in the spring will dictate the variation in the timing of spring phenology in forest trees, with regions and years with faster temperature increases having more uniform leaf-out (and likely flowering) timing. Lastly, a worrying discovery with lower percentage of buds opening in the spring under strong warming suggests more research to be directed in the overall leaf-out timing of all its buds vs. the earliest flushing buds. One important factor that was not investigated as originally planned was photoperiod, specifically its relative impact on leaf senescence and leaf out in the spring. Whether species that are known to be more photoperiod sensitive in the spring (such as Fagus sylvatica) are also just as sensitive in the spring remains to be discovered, although our results indicate a much more uniform response of diverse tree species in terms of leaf senescence timing compared with leaf-out timing, hinting at a lower among-species variation in fall sensitivity to photoperiod. Photoperiod manipulation became possible towards the end of the project and its manipulation was used to establish differences in photoperiod sensitivity of flowering plants and wild masonry bees. The implication here is that photoperiod may limit the flowering advance in the future, whereby wild bees may continue to emerge earlier, creating a phenological mismatch between the pollinators and pollen providing plants. Furthermore, the pilot experiment showed that the effect of chilling duration during winter on plant dormancy and insect diapause can be studied simultaneously, providing the incentive of future experiments combining plants and insects to better explain community-level phenological responses to warming. Despite setbacks related to COVID, all planned experiments were carried out. The above-mentioned results we communicated not only to scientific audiences in Germany and Austria (GFÖ and EGU annual meetings) conferences but also at two invited talks to the general public. These included the Hanse-Baumforum in Lübeck in 2018 and a public lecture as part of the “Planet Erde 3.0” public lecture series at the University of Greifswald in 2019.
Projektbezogene Publikationen (Auswahl)
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Warming Events Advance or Delay Spring Phenology by Affecting Bud Dormancy Depth in Trees. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11.
Malyshev, Andrey V.
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Late to bed, late to rise—Warmer autumn temperatures delay spring phenology by delaying dormancy. Global Change Biology, 27(22), 5806-5817.
Beil, Ilka; Kreyling, Jürgen; Meyer, Claudia; Lemcke, Nele & Malyshev, Andrey V.
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Inter-Individual Budburst Variation in Fagus sylvatica Is Driven by Warming Rate. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.
Malyshev, Andrey V.; van der Maaten, Ernst; Garthen, Aron; Maß, Dennis; Schwabe, Matthias & Kreyling, Juergen
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Warming nondormant tree roots advances aboveground spring phenology in temperate trees. New Phytologist, 240(6), 2276-2287.
Malyshev, Andrey V.; Blume‐Werry, Gesche; Spiller, Ophelia; Smiljanić, Marko; Weigel, Robert; Kolb, Alexander; Nze, Byron Ye; Märker, Frederik; Sommer, Freymuth Carl‐Fried Johannes; Kinley, Kinley; Ziegler, Jan; Pasang, Pasang; Mahara, Robert; Joshi, Silviya; Heinsohn, Vincent & Kreyling, Juergen
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The clockwork of spring: bud dormancy timing as a driver of spring leaf-out in temperate deciduous trees. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 349, 109957.
Malyshev, Andrey V.; Beil, Ilka; Zohner, Constantin M.; Garrigues, Romain & Campioli, Matteo
