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GRK 1570:  Elektronische Eigenschaften von Nanostrukturen auf Kohlenstoff-Basis

Fachliche Zuordnung Physik der kondensierten Materie
Förderung Förderung von 2009 bis 2018
Projektkennung Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Projektnummer 89249669
 
Erstellungsjahr 2019

Zusammenfassung der Projektergebnisse

In the focus of RTG 1570 was the experimental and theoretical investigation of the electronic properties of carbon-based nanostructures (CBNs), i.e. devices based on graphene, carbon nanotubes, aromatic molecules or hybrids of those. While the first phase was devoted to the growth, characterization and transport properties of simple devices, in the second phase we looked at complex nanostructures with particular functionalities, opto-electronical properties and dynamics. An important asset of the RTG was the close cooperation between different experimental groups, as well as between theory and experiment. This synergy has resulted in a unique insight and understanding of CBNs of the Regensburg consortium, with cutting edge contributions to the field. CBNs share the common feature of containing π-conjugated elements, i.e. materials whose electronic properties are mostly determined by the 2pz-states of carbon. Simultaneously, they possess distinct electronic properties associated to their dimensionality. Hence, graphene has provided us the perfect platform to investigate properties of quasi-particles with linear dispersion (called Dirac particles) in two-dimensions (2D), and to contrast them with those of electrons in a semiconducting two-dimensional electron gas. In the same spirit, in later studies the analysis has been extended to other Van der Waals systems in 2D. Likewise, graphene nanoribbons (GNR) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are onedimensional conductors with unusual properties inherited from the underlying graphene honeycomb lattice. For example, zig-zag GNR possess nontrivial spin-polarized edge-states, and we demonstrated experimentally that in carbon CNTs a curvature-enhanced spin-orbit coupling provides spin-valley locking. Furthermore, due to their diameter of the order of one nanometer, CNTs are the ultimate quantum wires. Finally, short nanotubes, nanoribbons and single molecules weakly coupled to leads all behave as zero-dimensional quantum dot systems, with non trivial quantum correlations. The isolation of graphene in 2004 is rather recent. Thus, the first phase of the RTG, started in 2009, can be defined as “pioneering and exploratory” regarding the electronic properties of this newly discovered and highly promising material. To this extent, we have developed and improved methods to grow samples and optimize devices performance (e.g. graphene was produced by exfoliation, but also by chemical methods), and its characterization was performed by Raman as well as by atomic force spectroscopy. The phase coherent transport in graphene nanoribbons was investigated under various conditions. Reduced graphene was tested for sensor applications. In the second and more “mature” phase of the RTG various graphene based devices have been tested. By embedding graphene in hexagonal boron nitride high mobility samples were achieved; commensurability oscillations could be observed in antidot graphene lattices in magnetic field. Photocurrents induced by terahertz/microwave fields as well as optical properties and symmetry breaking were demonstrated in graphene and graphene lateral superlattices. Regarding carbon nanotube electronics, we have performed state of the art three terminal transport experiments on in-situ grown devices based on just one single-walled CNT. With our capability of growing disorder free nanotubes at the last step of the fabrication, we could show that the interplay of orbital (valley) and spin degrees of freedom gives rise to non trivial Kondo resonances and Fabry-Perot interferences in ultraclean CNT devices. Nanoelectromechanical properties of suspended CNTs were tested. Standard electron beam lithography and lift-off techniques become impracticable for single molecules with dimensions of the size of, or smaller than one nanometer. Atomic force microscopy experiments with a CO molecule terminated tip gave us the possibility to simultaneously image atomic orbitals and measure intramolecular forces. Further, low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) allowed us two-terminal measurements of single molecules, the holy grail of molecular electronics. With the molecule lying on a thin insulating substrate, decoupling it from the underlying metal electrode, we could also get seminal STM images of the molecular orbitals and connect the transport properties to the molecular geometry. In a major breakthrough, we developed the first so-called light-wave STM, where the peak of a terahertz waveform is used as an ultrashort voltage pulse to transfer an electron from an STM tip into a molecule. In a pump-probe experiment we used this technique to trace on a femto-second time-scale the breathing mode motion of the molecule.

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