Zwischen Koexistenz und Herrschaft. Muslime unter der Herrschaft der Ritterorden auf der mittelalterlichen iberischen Halbinsel
Zusammenfassung der Projektergebnisse
This project has explored the relationships established between Muslims and military orders in Medieval Iberia. Despite expectations, such relationships outside of war were not only widespread but also considered as normal by Muslims, by military orders and by the society of the different Christian kingdoms. Muslims were a source of revenue and workforce for military orders and brought many advantages to them. In turn, military orders were no worse to the Muslims under their rule than other lords and offered them protection against external aggressors. The research carried out within the framework of this project has shown that Muslims established dependence links to military orders in different ways, both as individuals and in a collective manner, and also with a variable degree of agency in the process. Thus, we find forced relationships endured by slaves and captives, freely acquired ones, such as those of Muslim contracted to carry out specific tasks, to those whose incorporation under the lordship of military orders was caused by these institutions taking over the lands in which they lived, such as Muslim vassals on the land. Unfree relationships between Muslims and military orders had already been remarked on and specific cases of Muslim vassals on the lands of military orders had been analysed in existing scholarship, but the phenomenon as a whole had been developed until this point for the Iberian Peninsula. Thus, the analysis carried out within the framework of this project has brought some significant advances to the field. It has also opened the door to a more accurate perception regarding the functioning of military orders, the roles filled by Muslims in the Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia, and interreligious interactions. A number of significant findings made during the course of this project. Regarding Muslims on the lands, Muslim presence was extensive in the territories under the rule of military orders across the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. Although Muslim presence or absence of Muslims on the lands before military orders took them over was an important factor in the distribution and density of Muslim settlements, these institutions also took measures to attract and retain Muslim settlers on their lands. Military orders also interfered in the lives of Muslims under their by intervening in the elections of their officials, acting as administrators of justice, and benefiting from their works through taxation. In exchange, Muslims were recognized as vassals of military orders and these institutions usually created conditions that were favourable for their continuous settlement and offered some degree of protection to the Muslims under their rule. For their part, Muslims were also part of the normal landscape within the houses and convents of military orders in medieval Iberia. Although slaves and captives were a majority in this group, free Muslims were also employed by military orders for all types of tasks, and some of them served commanders and masters for a long time and in positions that required trust. This implies that collaboration was not only possible but also relatively common. This finding brings a new perspective to the interpretation of these institutions and their role as armed branch of the Roman Catholic Church. The findings made within the framework of this project open new perspectives to interpret Muslim presence in association to military orders and show that this is a field of great interest and that deserves further research. In this sense, and despite the many advances achieved in the knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon, there are still many questions that deserve further reflection.
Projektbezogene Publikationen (Auswahl)
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"Musulmanes como (re)pobladores en tierras de las órdenes militares: primeras observaciones", en Isabel Cristina F. Fernandes (ed.) Ordens militares, identidade e mudança, Palmela: Edições Colibrí, vol. 1 pp. 231-246.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
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Nuevas informaciones sobre la población musulmana de Hornachos. Historia. Instituciones. Documentos(48), 41-68.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
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Overlapping dependences: Muslims and military Orders in medieval Castile. Forms of unfreedom in the Medieval Mediterranean. Publicações do Cidehus.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
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“More than meets the eye: readings of economic interactions between religious minorities in Medieval Castile”, in Almagro Vidal, C., J. Tearney-Pearce y L. Yarbrough (eds.) Minorities in Contact in the Medieval Mediterranean, Turnhout: Brepols, 2021, pp. 233-45.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
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“Poblaciones musulmanas en tierras de órdenes militares: algunas reflexiones”, in As cruzadas e as ordens militares: entre o Mediterrâneo e o Atlântico (Séculos XII-XVIII), ed. by Bruno Tadeu Salles, Esteban Greif, Fabiano Fernandes, Palmas, TO: Editora EdUFT, 2022, pp. 137-162.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
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Nach dem Krieg: Grenzen religiöser Gewalt gegen Muslime in Ländern geistlicher Ritterorden auf der Iberischen Halbinsel im Mittelalter. Religiöse Gewalt in historischer Dimension, 383-404. De Gruyter.
Almagro Vidal, Clara
