Identification and characterization of influenza virus activators in the human lung

• Applicant: Professor Dr. Stefan Pöhlmann
• Subject Area: Virology
• Term: from 2019 to 2023
• Project identifier: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) - Project number 426563517

• Final Report Year: 2024

Final Report Abstract

We and others could previously demonstrate that human influenza A viruses (IAV) are activated by the cellular protease TMPRSS2. Several TMPRSS2-related proteases were also shown to activate IAV but their expression in relevant target cells and their contribution to viral spread were unclear. Furthermore, the structure of the TMPRSS2 mRNA and suitable target sites for antisense oligonucleotide (ASOs) were unknown. In addition, it was unclear to what extend and how the so called neck domain of TMPRSS2 contributes to virus activation. Finally, it remained to be investigated whether TMPRSS2 promotes viral spread in primates. These questions were to be addressed by the proposed research. In the light of the COVID-19 pandemic we maintained this line of research but refocused our efforts on SARS-CoV-2, since coronaviruses also employ TMPRSS2 for activation. Indeed, we could demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 can use TMPRSS2 for cell entry and successfully employed chemicals to obtain insights into the structure of the TMPRSS2 mRNA, allowing the successful design of ASOs. Furthermore, we found that several TMPRSS2-related proteases were coexpressed with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in the airways and might thus support viral spread. In addition, we obtained evidence that the neck region is important for activation of IAV and coronaviruses by TMPRSS2 and related proteases but the underlying mechanism could not be clarified. Finally, we identified TMPRSS2 inhibitors and provided evidence that TMPRSS2 (or related proteases) but not the auxiliary protease cathepsin L is required for SARS-CoV-2 spread in human respiratory epithelium ex vivo.

Publications

• A novel class of TMPRSS2 inhibitors potently block SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV viral entry and protect human epithelial lung cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(43).
  Mahoney, Matthew; Damalanka, Vishnu C.; Tartell, Michael A.; Chung, Dong hee; Lourenço, André Luiz; Pwee, Dustin; Mayer, Bridwell Anne E.; Hoffmann, Markus; Voss, Jorine; Karmakar, Partha; Azouz, Nurit P.; Klingler, Andrea M.; Rothlauf, Paul W.; Thompson, Cassandra E.; Lee, Melody; Klampfer, Lidija; Stallings, Christina L.; Rothenberg, Marc E.; Pöhlmann, Stefan ... & Janetka, James W.
  
• B.1.617.2 enters and fuses lung cells with increased efficiency and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Cell Reports, 37(2), 109825.
  Arora, Prerna; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Krüger, Nadine; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Moldenhauer, Anna-Sophie; Winkler, Martin S.; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Stankov, Metodi V.; Behrens, Georg M.N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity. EBioMedicine, 65, 103255.
  Hoffmann, Markus; Hofmann-Winkler, Heike; Smith, Joan C.; Krüger, Nadine; Arora, Prerna; Sørensen, Lambert K.; Søgaard, Ole S.; Hasselstrøm, Jørgen Bo; Winkler, Michael; Hempel, Tim; Raich, Lluís; Olsson, Simon; Danov, Olga; Jonigk, Danny; Yamazoe, Takashi; Yamatsuta, Katsura; Mizuno, Hirotaka; Ludwig, Stephan; Noé, Frank ... & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Delta variant (B.1.617.2) sublineages do not show increased neutralization resistance. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 18(11), 2557-2559.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Winkler, Martin S.; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Stankov, Metodi V.; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Molecular mechanism of inhibiting the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry facilitator TMPRSS2 with camostat and nafamostat. Chemical Science, 12(3), 983-992.
  Hempel, Tim; Raich, Lluís; Olsson, Simon; Azouz, Nurit P.; Klingler, Andrea M.; Hoffmann, Markus; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Rothenberg, Marc E. & Noé, Frank
  
• Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant after heterologous and homologous BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 18(10), 2455-2456.
  Hammerschmidt, Swantje I.; Bosnjak, Berislav; Bernhardt, Günter; Friedrichsen, Michaela; Ravens, Inga; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Hoffmann, Markus; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Behrens, Georg M. N. & Förster, Reinhold
  
• Protective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after heterologous systemic prime-mucosal boost immunization. Nature Communications, 12(1).
  Lapuente, Dennis; Fuchs, Jana; Willar, Jonas; Vieira, Antão Ana; Eberlein, Valentina; Uhlig, Nadja; Issmail, Leila; Schmidt, Anna; Oltmanns, Friederike; Peter, Antonia Sophia; Mueller-Schmucker, Sandra; Irrgang, Pascal; Fraedrich, Kirsten; Cara, Andrea; Hoffmann, Markus; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Ensser, Armin; Pertl, Cordula; Willert, Torsten ... & Tenbusch, Matthias
  
• SARS-CoV-2 delta variant neutralisation after heterologous ChAdOx1-S/BNT162b2 vaccination. The Lancet, 398(10305), 1041-1042.
  Behrens, Georg MN; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Hoffmann, Markus & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• SARS-CoV-2 mutations acquired in mink reduce antibody-mediated neutralization. Cell Reports, 35(3), 109017.
  Hoffmann, Markus; Zhang, Lu; Krüger, Nadine; Graichen, Luise; Kleine-Weber, Hannah; Hofmann-Winkler, Heike; Kempf, Amy; Nessler, Stefan; Riggert, Joachim; Winkler, Martin Sebastian; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. Cell Reports, 36(3), 109415.
  Hoffmann, Markus; Hofmann-Winkler, Heike; Krüger, Nadine; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Arora, Prerna; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Moldenhauer, Anna-Sophie; Winkler, Martin S.; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Stankov, Metodi V.; Behrens, Georg M.N. & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies. Cell, 184(9), 2384-2393.e12.
  Hoffmann, Markus; Arora, Prerna; Groß, Rüdiger; Seidel, Alina; Hörnich, Bojan F.; Hahn, Alexander S.; Krüger, Nadine; Graichen, Luise; Hofmann-Winkler, Heike; Kempf, Amy; Winkler, Martin S.; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Jahrsdörfer, Bernd; Schrezenmeier, Hubert; Müller, Martin; Kleger, Alexander; Münch, Jan & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Synergistic inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 cell entry by otamixaban and covalent protease inhibitors: pre-clinical assessment of pharmacological and molecular properties. Chemical Science, 12(38), 12600-12609.
  Hempel, Tim; Elez, Katarina; Krüger, Nadine; Raich, Lluís; Shrimp, Jonathan H.; Danov, Olga; Jonigk, Danny; Braun, Armin; Shen, Min; Hall, Matthew D.; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hoffmann, Markus & Noé, Frank
  
• The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variant A.30 is heavily mutated and evades vaccine-induced antibodies with high efficiency. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 18(12), 2673-2675.
  Arora, Prerna; Rocha, Cheila; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Winkler, Martin S.; Lier, Martin; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• The Upper Respiratory Tract of Felids Is Highly Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(19), 10636.
  Krüger, Nadine; Rocha, Cheila; Runft, Sandra; Krüger, Johannes; Färber, Iris; Armando, Federico; Leitzen, Eva; Brogden, Graham; Gerold, Gisa; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hoffmann, Markus & Baumgärtner, Wolfgang
  
• Therapeutic Application of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin in COVID-19. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 204(2), 224-227.
  Ritzmann, Felix; Chitirala, Praneeth; Krüger, Nadine; Hoffmann, Markus; Zuo, Wei; Lammert, Frank; Smola, Sigrun; Tov, Naveh; Alagem, Noga; Lepper, Philipp M.; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Beisswenger, Christoph; Herr, Christian & Bals, Robert
  
• Augmented neutralisation resistance of emerging omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(8), 1117-1118.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Combinations of Host- and Virus-Targeting Antiviral Drugs Confer Synergistic Suppression of SARS-CoV-2. Microbiology Spectrum, 10(5).
  Wagoner, Jessica; Herring, Shawn; Hsiang, Tien-Ying; Ianevski, Aleksandr; Biering, Scott B.; Xu, Shuang; Hoffmann, Markus; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Gale, Michael; Aittokallio, Tero; Schiffer, Joshua T.; White, Judith M. & Polyak, Stephen J.
  
• Comparable neutralisation evasion of SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(6), 766-767.
  Arora, Prerna; Zhang, Lu; Rocha, Cheila; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Kempf, Amy; Schulz, Sebastian; Cossmann, Anne; Manger, Bernhard; Baier, Eva; Tampe, Björn; Moerer, Onnen; Dickel, Steffen; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Winkler, Martin S.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Diminished neutralization responses towards SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VoC after mRNA or vector-based COVID-19 vaccinations. Scientific Reports, 12(1).
  Jacobsen, Henning; Strengert, Monika; Maaß, Henrike; Ynga, Durand Mario Alberto; Katzmarzyk, Maeva; Kessel, Barbora; Harries, Manuela; Rand, Ulfert; Abassi, Leila; Kim, Yeonsu; Lüddecke, Tatjana; Metzdorf, Kristin; Hernandez, Pilar; Ortmann, Julia; Heise, Jana-Kristin; Castell, Stefanie; Gornyk, Daniela; Glöckner, Stephan; Melhorn, Vanessa ... & Cicin-Sain, Luka
  
• Efficient antibody evasion but reduced ACE2 binding by the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.2. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 19(9), 1067-1069.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Schulz, Sebastian; Cossmann, Anne; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Winkler, Martin S.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Evidence for an ACE2-Independent Entry Pathway That Can Protect from Neutralization by an Antibody Used for COVID-19 Therapy. mBio, 13(3).
  Hoffmann, Markus; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Arora, Prerna; Krüger, Nadine; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Graichen, Luise; Winkler, Martin S.; Niemeyer, Daniela; Goffinet, Christine; Drosten, Christian; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Functional analysis of polymorphisms at the S1/S2 site of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0265453.
  Arora, Prerna; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Graichen, Luise; Hörnich, Bojan; Hahn, Alexander; Hoffmann, Markus & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Host Cell Entry and Neutralization Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages B.1.620 and R.1. Viruses, 14(11), 2475.
  Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Krüger, Nadine; Rocha, Cheila; Graichen, Luise; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Lier, Martin; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Investigations on SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility of Domestic and Wild Animals Using Primary Cell Culture Models Derived from the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract. Viruses, 14(4), 828.
  Färber, Iris; Krüger, Johannes; Rocha, Cheila; Armando, Federico; von Köckritz-Blickwede, Maren; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Braun, Armin; Baumgärtner, Wolfgang; Runft, Sandra & Krüger, Nadine
  
• Lung cell entry, cell–cell fusion capacity, and neutralisation sensitivity of omicron sublineage BA.2.75. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(11), 1537-1538.
  Arora, Prerna; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Cossmann, Anne; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Baier, Eva; Tampe, Björn; Moerer, Onnen; Dickel, Steffen; Winkler, Martin S.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• No evidence for increased cell entry or antibody evasion by Delta sublineage AY.4.2. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 19(3), 449-452.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Winkler, Martin S.; Lier, Martin; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Omicron: Master of immune evasion maintains robust ACE2 binding. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1).
  Hoffmann, Markus; Zhang, Lu & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages show comparable cell entry but differential neutralization by therapeutic antibodies. Cell Host & Microbe, 30(8), 1103-1111.e6.
  Arora, Prerna; Zhang, Lu; Krüger, Nadine; Rocha, Cheila; Sidarovich, Anzhalika; Schulz, Sebastian; Kempf, Amy; Graichen, Luise; Moldenhauer, Anna-Sophie; Cossmann, Anne; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Behrens, Georg M.N.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• SARS-CoV-2 variants C.1.2 and B.1.621 (Mu) partially evade neutralization by antibodies elicited upon infection or vaccination. Cell Reports, 39(5), 110754.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Winkler, Martin S.; Lier, Martin; Schulz, Sebastian; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Behrens, Georg M.N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• The MEK1/2-inhibitor ATR-002 efficiently blocks SARS-CoV-2 propagation and alleviates pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine responses. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 79(1).
  Schreiber, André; Viemann, Dorothee; Schöning, Jennifer; Schloer, Sebastian; Mecate, Zambrano Angeles; Brunotte, Linda; Faist, Aileen; Schöfbänker, Michael; Hrincius, Eike; Hoffmann, Helen; Hoffmann, Markus; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Rescher, Ursula; Planz, Oliver & Ludwig, Stephan
  
• The Omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cell, 185(3), 447-456.e11.
  Hoffmann, Markus; Krüger, Nadine; Schulz, Sebastian; Cossmann, Anne; Rocha, Cheila; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Graichen, Luise; Moldenhauer, Anna-Sophie; Winkler, Martin S.; Lier, Martin; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M.N. & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• The SARS-CoV-2 Delta-Omicron Recombinant Lineage (XD) Exhibits Immune-Escape Properties Similar to the Omicron (BA.1) Variant. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 14057.
  Arora, Prerna; Zhang, Lu; Rocha, Cheila; Graichen, Luise; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Cossmann, Anne; Ramos, Gema Morillas; Baier, Eva; Tampe, Björn; Moerer, Onnen; Dickel, Steffen; Winkler, Martin S.; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Understanding Omicron: Transmissibility, immune evasion and antiviral intervention. Clinical and Translational Medicine, 12(5).
  Hoffmann, Markus; Arora, Prerna & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Host cell entry and neutralisation sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.16 lineage. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 20(8), 969-971.
  Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Arora, Prerna; Cossmann, Anne; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Stankov, Metodi V.; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Neutralisation sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages EG.5.1 and XBB.2.3. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(10), e391-e392.
  Zhang, Lu; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Cossmann, Anne; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Stankov, Metodi V.; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Neutralisation sensitivity of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1 lineage. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(2), 147-148.
  Arora, Prerna; Cossmann, Anne; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Ramos, Gema Morillas; Stankov, Metodi V.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Omicron sublineage BQ.1.1 resistance to monoclonal antibodies. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 22-23.
  Arora, Prerna; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus
  
• Omicron subvariant BA.5 efficiently infects lung cells. Nature Communications, 14(1).
  Hoffmann, Markus; Wong, Lok-Yin Roy; Arora, Prerna; Zhang, Lu; Rocha, Cheila; Odle, Abby; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Richter, Anja; Halwe, Nico Joel; Schön, Jacob; Ulrich, Lorenz; Hoffmann, Donata; Beer, Martin; Drosten, Christian; Perlman, Stanley & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Polyvalent Nano-Lectin Potently Neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting Glycans on the Viral Spike Protein. JACS Au, 3(6), 1755-1766.
  Budhadev, Darshita; Hooper, James; Rocha, Cheila; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy Madeleine; Hoffmann, Markus; Krüger, Nadine; Zhou, Dejian; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Guo, Yuan
  
• Diversification of the VH3‐53 immunoglobulin gene segment by somatic hypermutation results in neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus variants. European Journal of Immunology, 54(7).
  Bruhn, Matthias; Obara, Maureen; Salam, Abdus; Costa, Bibiana; Ziegler, Annett; Waltl, Inken; Pavlou, Andreas; Hoffmann, Markus; Graalmann, Theresa; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Schambach, Axel & Kalinke, Ulrich
  
• Filamentous fungus-produced human monoclonal antibody provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 in hamster and non-human primate models. Nature Communications, 15(1).
  Kaiser, Franziska K.; Hernandez, Mariana Gonzalez; Krüger, Nadine; Englund, Ellinor; Du, Wenjuan; Mykytyn, Anna Z.; Raadsen, Mathijs P.; Lamers, Mart M.; Rodrigues, Ianiski Francine; Shamorkina, Tatiana M.; Snijder, Joost; Armando, Federico; Beythien, Georg; Ciurkiewicz, Malgorzata; Schreiner, Tom; Gruber-Dujardin, Eva; Bleyer, Martina; Batura, Olga; Erffmeier, Lena ... & Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.
  
• Humoral and cellular immune responses following BNT162b2 XBB.1.5 vaccination. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 24(1), e1-e3.
  Stankov, Metodi V.; Hoffmann, Markus; Gutierrez, Jauregui Rodrigo; Cossmann, Anne; Morillas, Ramos Gema; Graalmann, Theresa; Winter, Emily Jo; Friedrichsen, Michaela; Ravens, Inga; Ilievska, Tamara; Ristenpart, Jasmin; Schimrock, Anja; Willenzon, Stefanie; Ahrenstorf, Gerrit; Witte, Torsten; Förster, Reinhold; Kempf, Amy; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Hammerschmidt, Swantje I. ... & Behrens, Georg M. N.
  
• Immune responses following BNT162b2 XBB.1.5 vaccination in patients on haemodialysis in Germany. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 24(3), e145-e146.
  Cossmann, Anne; Hoffmann, Markus; Stankov, Metodi V.; Lürken, Karsten; Morillas, Ramos Gema; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Behrens, Georg M. N. & Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra
  
• Memory B cells anticipate SARS-CoV-2 variants through somatic hypermutation. Journal of Infection, 88(1), 57-60.
  Bruhn, Matthias; Obara, Maureen; Chiyyeadu, Abhishek; Costa, Bibiana; Salam, Abdus; Ziegler, Annett; Waltl, Inken; Pavlou, Andreas; Bonifacius, Agnes; Hoffmann, Markus; Graalmann, Theresa; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Eiz-Vesper, Britta; Schambach, Axel & Kalinke, Ulrich
  
• Phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles in body fluids are an innate defence against apoptotic mimicry viral pathogens. Nature Microbiology, 9(4), 905-921.
  Groß, Rüdiger; Reßin, Hanna; von Maltitz, Pascal; Albers, Dan; Schneider, Laura; Bley, Hanna; Hoffmann, Markus; Cortese, Mirko; Gupta, Dhanu; Deniz, Miriam; Choi, Jae-Yeon; Jansen, Jenny; Preußer, Christian; Seehafer, Kai; Pöhlmann, Stefan; Voelker, Dennis R.; Goffinet, Christine; Pogge-von, Strandmann Elke; Bunz, Uwe ... & Müller, Janis A.
  
• SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86 enters lung cells and evades neutralizing antibodies with high efficiency. Cell, 187(3), 596-608.e17.
  Zhang, Lu; Kempf, Amy; Nehlmeier, Inga; Cossmann, Anne; Richter, Anja; Bdeir, Najat; Graichen, Luise; Moldenhauer, Anna-Sophie; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Stankov, Metodi V.; Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Čičin-Šain, Luka; Behrens, Georg M.N.; Drosten, Christian; Hoffmann, Markus & Pöhlmann, Stefan
  
• Virological Traits of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.87.1 Lineage. Vaccines, 12(5), 487.
  Zhang, Lu; Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra; Nehlmeier, Inga; Kempf, Amy; Graichen, Luise; Calderón, Hampel Noemí; Cossmann, Anne; Stankov, Metodi V.; Morillas, Ramos Gema; Schulz, Sebastian R.; Jäck, Hans-Martin; Behrens, Georg M. N.; Pöhlmann, Stefan & Hoffmann, Markus